孛儿只斤middot旭烈兀历史长河中的明灯照亮了中国古代先后繁星如天上的朝代
旭烈兀：西亚征服者，伊利汗国的缔造者
在中国古代悠久的历史长河中，有一位蒙古族统帅，他以卓越的军事才能和坚定的意志，在世界历史上留下了深刻的印记。孛儿只斤·旭烈兀，不仅是成吉思汗孙子、拖雷之子的杰出人物，更是伊利汗国建立者的伟大领袖。他的一生充满了辉煌战役和不懈努力，改变了中东乃至整个世界的格局。
早年征途
从18岁起，旭烈兀随拔都远征，横扫欧洲草原，一路打到匈牙利边境。在与马札尔人的战争中，他与速不台分兵五路，大败敌军于都宁河。这次西征对年轻的旭烈兀意义重大，使他积累了实践经验和资本。
权力争夺
1248年贵由死后，蒙古诸王公处于权力的激烈争夺中。旭烈兀联合拔都等人积极拥戴其长兄蒙哥，使蒙哥在1251年诸王公大会上夺得大汗之位。在随后蒙哥打击窝阔台系势力时，旭烈兀受命察视失烈门等人，为蒙哥的统治立下了汗马功劳。
西亚征服
1252年怯的不花为先锋率军先行西征。第二年，旭烈兀率主力军渡过阿姆河，从此离开生他养他的蒙古大草原，也离开了 蒙古贵族之间勾心斗角，以全新的天地去开拓他的世界。他首当其冲的是木剌夷国，这一派别曾因企图刺杀蒙哥而同蒙古人结下深仇大恨。旭烈兀分三路进攻，并亲率中路军攻陷教主忽儿沙城堡，将90多座亦思马因派穆斯林宗教国家毁灭。
接着遭殃的是巴格达阿拉伯阿拔斯王朝哈里发。当哈里发谟斯塔辛对旭烈兀态度傲慢，这使他成了末代哈里发。Provoked by the haughty attitude of the caliph, Möngke Khan ordered a massive siege of Baghdad. The city was eventually breached and the caliph was killed. The sack of Baghdad led to widespread destruction and loss of life, with tens of thousands dying in the chaos.
The conquests continued as he moved on to Syria. In 1260, after accepting the submission of several local rulers, Hulagu besieged and captured Damascus. He then marched towards Egypt but received news that his brother Möngke Khan had died in China. Leaving a small force under Tode Mönch behind, Hulagu returned to Persia.
Later Life and Legacy
In his later years, Hulagu focused on consolidating his power in Persia and establishing a stable administration. He founded cities such as Maragheh (in present-day Iran) and Soltaniyeh (in present-day Zanjan Province). His rule also saw significant advancements in science, particularly astronomy; Maragheh Observatory was established during his reign.
Hulagu's legacy extends beyond military conquests; he played an important role in spreading Buddhism from India to Central Asia through diplomacy rather than force.His campaigns against Muslim states were met with resistance from other Muslim leaders who formed alliances against him.
Despite facing challenges from within and without, including attacks by rival Mongol factions and external threats like those posed by Kipchak forces or Mamluk forces in Egypt,Hulagu managed to maintain control over much of Western Asia until his death.
Conclusion
In conclusion,Hülegü Khan left an indelible mark on world history through his military prowess and strategic vision for expanding Mongol influence into Western Asia.In doing so,his campaigns reshaped political geography,brought about cultural exchanges between Eastand West,and influencedthe developmentof various fields suchas astronomyand medicine.Furthermore,his leadership style demonstrated both strengthand diplomacy,a testamenttohis abilityto navigate complex geopolitical situations effectively.Hence,Hülegü Khan remains oneofthe most influential figuresin globalhistory whose impact is still felt today.
重要战役
巴格达之战
1257-1258: 旅行至巴格达并向哈里发劝降，但遭拒绝。
1258-02-10: 巴格达投降。
大屠杀持续数周，全市居民大量死亡。
叙利亚之战
1259: 元宪宗九年（9月），元军进攻叙利亚。
怯の不花为前锋；拜住为右翼；孙扎克为左翼；Hūlāgū 为中央队伍
